Acetone was used in the case of blank controls. The tubes were immediately rotated on a micro-rotator until the solvent had completely evaporated. Five test concentrations were chosen for each test compound, and 500 µL of the experimental solution was transferred into a glass tube (16.0 mm in diameter, 80.0 mm in height). The methodology used for exposure was similar to that described by Jiang et al. The results would promote the conservation of ladybird beetles and provide available references for optimizing the use of diamide insecticides as a component of effective IPM strategies in agricultural ecosystems. Sublethal doses were also tested to assess their effects on a few developmental stages (developmental period of immature stages, pre-imaginal period, and pupae period) and body weight of C. septempunctata under laboratory conditions. The present study used a standard dactylethrae contacting method to evaluate the acute toxicity and ecotoxicological risks of three representative diamide insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, tetrachlorantraniliprole, and broflanilide) on the larvae of C. Understanding the impact of these insecticides on the biological characteristics of beneficial arthropods is crucial to improve the effectiveness of diamide insecticides in IPM systems. Therefore, the acute toxicity and sublethal effects of diamide insecticides on ladybird beetles have received increased attention. Many studies have discovered that diamide insecticides are harmful to ladybird beetles and other non-target insects. Broflanilides can block the inhibitory signals of insects, disrupt the nervous system, and causing continuous excitation, convulsions, and death by binding to the unique binding sites of the insect γ-aminobutyric and acid receptor (GABAR). It was reported to have demonstrated an excellent effect on many pests. and Badische Anilin- & Soda-Fabrik AG (Ludwigshafen, German). Broflanilide is a benzaminic diamide insecticide developed by Mitsui Chemical Agro, Inc. Its mechanism of action is similar to chlorantraniliprole, i.e., acting on the ryanodine receptors of muscle tissues and resulting in calcium release and death. Tetrachlorantraniliprole is another novel ryanodine receptor modulator invented by Shenyang Chemical Research Institute Co., Ltd. (Switzerland, Basilea) and has been proposed to be an alternative insecticide for the control of lepidopteran pests at lower application rates. Chlorantraniliprole was a commercial anthranilic diamide jointly developed by DuPont Pharmaceuticals (Wilmington, America). An uncontrolled release of calcium ions occurs when these receptors are activated, resulting in pest mortality. Anthranilic diamides were created to selectively activate insect ryanodine receptors. Anthranilic diamides have shown promising pest management effects. Among these, flubendiamide, a phthalic diamide representative, was taken from the registration list because it poses a risk to aquatic life. Regarding chemical structure, diamide insecticides can be divided into phthalic diamide, anthranilic diamide, and benzaminic diamide. The study emphasizes the importance of assessing the adverse effects of diamide insecticides on natural predator species that serve as biological control agents in agricultural IPM strategies.ĭiamide insecticides are a new class of pesticides with apparent advantages, like excellent pest control effects, long effective period, absence of cross-resistance with traditional pesticides, and ability to control various lepidopterans, hemipterans, and dipterous pests. The LR 30 dose induces abnormalities in the development phase 4th-instar larvae weight, pupal weight, and adult weight of treated C. septempunctata in farmland and off farmland. Furthermore, when compared to broflanilide, which had a much higher potential risk, the hazard quotient (HQ) values indicated that chlorantraniliprole and tetrachlorantraniliprole have a lower risk potential for C. The mortality rates of the groups treated with the three diamide insecticides tended to stabilize after 96 h, extending to the pre-imaginal stage.

septempunctata than broflanilide, which were detected to be highly toxic to C. The mortality tests demonstrated that chlorantraniliprole and tetrachlorantraniliprole are comparatively less toxic to C. The pre-imaginal median lethal doses (LR 50) of chlorantraniliprole 10% SC, tetrachlorantraniliprole 10% SC, and broflanilide 10% SC were calculated to be 42.078, 289.516, and 0.0943 g active ingredient (a.i.)/ha, respectively. This study evaluated diamide insecticides’ toxicity at lethal and 30% lethal doses (LR 30) against C. An assessment of the toxicity of pesticides on environmental organisms is an essential component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. Coccinella septempunctata (ladybird) is an extremely important natural predator that feeds on aphids.